Jerome F. Rock –
Arbitration is proven to be more efficient and cost effective than conventional judicial litigation. Because Arbitration is consensual, it is flexible and easily adapted to the particular needs of each case. Arbitration offers a range of tools, such as agreements to shorten schedules, limit discovery, enforce deadlines, and streamline evidentiary hearings, which can make it a preferred choice for resolving business disputes.
While the parties acknowledge the flexibility of the arbitration process and commit to improve its efficiency and cost effectiveness, there nonetheless exists a deep-seated reluctance to vary from the conventional pre-trial discovery practice of judicial proceedings; specifically, the oral examination of a witness under oath, commonly referred to as a pre-hearing deposition.
This article suggests that when the parties agree to use Written Witness Statements for those witnesses under their control, as a replacement for the oral direct testimony of those witnesses at the evidentiary Hearing, counsel can confidently eliminate the need for pre-hearing depositions of many witnesses. Cost reduction is an obvious direct result and benefit, and as will be explained, the effectiveness of both the pre-hearing discovery process as well as the evidentiary hearing will be improved.
We begin with some background on Written Witness Statements. Presenting the evidence through Written Witness Statements is the standard practice in International Arbitration and is an emerging trend in domestic arbitrations. The following section is a primer for those unaccustomed to the practice and describes some of the features, benefits, and challenges of using Written Witness Statements as a vehicle for introducing direct witness testimony as evidence at the Arbitration Hearing.
Perhaps the biggest difference between conventional litigation/arbitration practice and using Written Witness Statements involves the timing or scheduling of the legal effort, or the shall we say, the billable hours. What that means is that the legal effort in preparing the Written Witness Statement is upfront, or front loaded at the beginning of the case. The effort involved in preparing (and rehearsing) witnesses to testify, as well as preparing for cross examination for witness who are expected to testify at a Hearing, is typically focused near the latter stages of the proceeding.
Reversing the order of activity makes the actual testimony (in the form of the Written Witness Statements) available much earlier in the process. This is an advantage to both sides; the issues are brought into clear focus early, eliminating the need for wide-ranging and often wasteful tangential discovery. Under most conditions, the total effort, although expended earlier, will be less than the total time expended under conventional practice.
Written Witness Statements are used to present the direct testimony of those witnesses that are under the control of that party. This applies to those witnesses presented by the Claimant, as well as witnesses offered by the Respondent to support the defense. Since Witness Statements are only available for those witnesses that a party controls, some witnesses may still be presented by direct examination at the Hearing.
The format for the Witness Statement can be as an Affidavit, or more commonly, as a Narrative, following the Question (by lawyer) and Answer (by witness) structure which is standard for in-person direct examination. The witness is expected to state facts within their personal knowledge and establish the necessary foundation for reference to documents or other information referenced in their testimony, following the chronological sequence of events. When finalizing the Written Witness Statement, the attorney is therefore confident that the complete, well organized, coherent testimony of the witness is available to enter as the record. The Witness Statements are affirmed under oath by the witness and ready to be submitted as direct evidence at time of the Hearing.
Since the Witness Statement is available electronically, any documents or exhibits referenced within the Written Witness Statements can be incorporated into the electronic file using Hyperlinking. This feature is not only efficient, and keeps the testimony organized, but it greatly improves the ease of use of the Statements for later reference by the arbitrator.
At the Hearing, counsel introduces the witness with several introductory or background questions and answers, asks the witness to affirm the Oath and accuracy of the Written Witness Statement, then moves to introduce the Written Statement as the evidence.
Unless otherwise agreed, all witnesses providing Written Witness Statements must appear at the Hearing (in person, or by video conference, if agreed) and be available for cross examination. At the conclusion of cross examination, typical redirect follows.
The use of Written Narrative Witness Statements directly reduces the length of the Hearing compared to the hours or days of Hearing that would otherwise be required to introduce the direct testimony of witnesses under the conventional oral format. This means the parties will have the benefit of cost savings due to fewer Hearing days, which in complex cases can amount to thousands of dollars for each Hearing day.
In those situations where transcripts are not requested, the Witness Statements and the arbitrator’s hearing notes from the cross examination provide a valuable resource to the arbitrator in preparing the award.
With this background in place, the next step is to understand the dynamics involved in adopting the use of the Written Witness Statements for a particular case. For example, if using the Commercial or Construction Industry Arbitration Rules and Mediation Procedures of the American Arbitration Association, the Rules pertaining to the Preliminary Hearing, specifically the Preliminary Hearing P-1 and the P-2 Checklist guide the effort. The P-2 Checklist lists options or topics that the parties and the arbitrator should address at the Preliminary Hearing. Of particular note to this discussion is Section xii (a) of the Checklist which provides:
(xii) whether, according to a schedule set by the arbitrator, the parties will:
- Identify all witnesses, the subject matter of their anticipated testimonies, exchange written witness statements, and determine whether written witness statements will replace direct testimony at the hearing.
Following this path at the Preliminary Hearing will lead to the discussion with the arbitrator on the desirability of Written Witness Statements in the context of the case specifics.
Now, let’s look at a case specific scenario suggesting the suitability of Written Witness Statements, and keeping to the theme of this article, observe how the need for pre-hearing depositions of witnesses can be eliminated.
Written Witness Statements are particularly suited to situations where:
- the Claimant is confident with the available documentation and controls the likely evidence to be presented at Hearing.
- Counsel does not anticipate the need for any additional third-party information necessary to present its case.
- Counsel may well consider their case suitable for summary disposition.
On an agreed schedule established at the Preliminary Hearing, the Written Witness Statements of those witnesses under the direct control of the Claimant are provided to the Respondent early, well before the Hearing date. The timing for the exchange of Written Narrative Witness Statements is important. Some attorneys will attempt to keep their witness testimony as vague as possible, perhaps holding “dry powder” for a surprise to be disclosed only when they present their witness at the Hearing. This is the type of risk that attorneys site when requesting broad oral deposition pre-hearing discovery. Changing this schedule requires some adjustment. When the exchange of the Written Witness Statements is set early in the discovery process, the trial strategy is adjusted in ways that promote efficiency and economy and eliminate any advantage of dilatory practices. Both parties’ benefit.
From the Respondent’s perspective, the focus of the Claim set forth in the Written Witness Statement should be clear and unambiguous. There should be little anxiety about the vagueness of notice or alternative pleadings or the uncertainty of how a witness will testify at the Hearing. The Respondent is not dealing with a moving target, which and avoids the need to delve into peripheral topics to avoid surprise testimony at the Hearing. The Written Witness Statement is the testimony. The Respondent has adequate time to evaluate their strategy for cross examination and prepare for rebuttal witnesses.
At this juncture, there would not be any advantage for a Respondent to conduct a pre-hearing deposition of the Claimant’s Witness.
The process continues on the agreed schedule from the Preliminary Hearing. The Respondent prepares Written Witness Statements for those defense witnesses under its direct control having the benefit of the prior review of the Claimant’s Witness Statements. The expected content of the Respondent’s Written Witness Statements will likewise be in focus with the issues clearly delineated.
At this point, the Claimant then has the same opportunity to assess strategy for its cross examination of that defense Witness at the Hearing and can prepare for rebuttal witnesses as appropriate. Having the luxury of extended time to prepare for cross-examination is itself a significant benefit to the use of the Written Witness Statement.
Again, if the Claimant anticipates the testimony of that Respondent witness well in advance of the Hearing, there is little advantage to be gained by deposing that witness beforehand.
The process continues for all of Claimant’s witnesses, and all of Respondent’s witnesses. If a counterclaim is asserted, separate schedules with be set for the orderly exchange of Witness Statements relating to the counterclaim.
The logistics of all discovery efforts and schedules that sequence document production and the preparation and exchange of Written Witness Statements will be discussed and agreed at the Preliminary Hearing. Procedures can be established for contingencies such as updating or supplementing Witness Statements based on relevant events after their submission (including live supplemental testimony at the Hearing). Although the practical need for the pre-Hearing oral deposition of witnesses may be eliminated, parties new to Written Witness Statements may feel compelled to reserve the prerogative to depose those witnesses, which can be provided upon good cause shown, and approval of the arbitrator.
Conclusion
Planning for arbitration using Written Witness Statements requires a certain commitment to get the facts, the testimony on the record, as soon as practicable, so the other side can react with the same commitment to candor and efficiency. Reducing the cost of Pre-Hearing discovery, without sacrificing the quality of the legal effort is one objective that can be achieved by the timely exchange of Witness Statements. As one important feature, this practice eliminates the need for the pre-hearing oral deposition of certain witnesses. One recent case started with the request to depose eleven expected witnesses. Written Witness Statements were adopted, eliminating the depositions entirely. These decisions are based on sound logic and come with an easily measurable cost impact.
Although controlling discovery costs may be a motivating factor to consider the use of Written Witness Statements, there are additional tangible benefits to the process:
- Provides an early focus to the claims and issues;
- Eliminates peripheral discovery;
- Reduces the time from filing the Demand to Hearing;
- Reduces the time and length of the Hearing;
- Creates a solid record of the testimony for the arbitrator, with the arbitrator’s notes focused on cross-examination. With Hyperlinking, more useful than a transcript;
- Well suited for Video Conferencing.
In the journey to improve the quality, efficiency, and cost effectiveness of arbitration as a preferred method to resolve business disputes, the best practices of international arbitration should be incorporated in the domestic arbitration tool kit. Replacing the direct testimony of witness at the Hearing with Written Witness Statements, exchanged in a timely manner, is a time-tested approach that deserves consideration by all arbitration practitioners.
Jerome F. Rock is an Arbitrator and Mediator focusing on Business, Technology and Construction industry disputes. He serves on the Commercial, Construction and Large Complex Case Panels for the American Arbitration Association and the ICDR for both Arbitration and Mediation. He has degrees in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, practiced as a Construction and Technology lawyer and served as executive of a high-tech engineering company. He is a member of the Professional Resolution Experts of Michigan (www.PREMIiADR.org), an invitation only organization of experienced ADR professionals. His approach to ADR, Case Studies and References are available at his web site, www.JeromeRockLaw.com
Our Professionals
* Member Emeritus
Case Studies
protonix half life
remeron in elderly
onair2tv.com
Fang Jifan은 서둘러 “폐하를 보지 않겠습니까? “라고 말했습니다.
qiyezp.com
결국 그들은 땅에 엎드려 절했습니다. “나의 주여…”
https://kvartirulyspb.ru/
В замена термостата в холодильнике цена стинол мы предлагаем комплексный подход к ремонту холодильников Stinol. Наши услуги включают в себя диагностику неисправностей, ремонт любой сложности, а также последующее техническое обслуживание для предотвращения возникновения новых поломок. Мы гарантируем высокое качество работ и используем только проверенные временем методы ремонта.
ремонт холодильников стинол
замена вентилятора в холодильнике stinol
ремонт холодильников стинол в москве на дому
отели сочи с бассейном
гостиницы сочи
лучшие отели сочи
отели сочи
https://kvartiruerspb.ru/
repaglinide with metformin
order zithromax 250mg generic – buy generic metronidazole over the counter ciplox 500 mg tablet
https://zhkstroyspb.ru/
order cleocin online – acticlate ca chloromycetin buy online
https://zhkstroykaspb.ru/
https://kvartiruekb.ru/
sandyterrace.com
Liu Jinqi는 Ai Ai에게 말했습니다. “손자 … 손자 … 구했습니다.”
freeflowincome.com
명령을 내린 교장은 후퇴하려는 왕시에게 급히 달려갔다.
https://zhknoviydom.ru/
https://zhkkvartiradom.ru/
Недавно обращался в сервисный центр Zanussi по адресу ремонт посудомоечных машин занусси. Мастера быстро диагностировали проблему и устранили ее в кратчайшие сроки . Цена ремонта оказалась весьма приемлемой , и был выполнен качественно. Сейчас машинка функционирует исправно, как будто только из магазина. Большое спасибо мастерам сервисного центра Zanussi за отличную работу!
fpparisshop.com
このブログは本当に役立つ情報が満載で、大好きです。
https://zhknoviystroi.ru/
https://noviydomstroika.ru/
The Basic Principles Of buy injectable steroids. https://edwinrfvh58036.blogdon.net/5-simple-techniques-for-buy-injectable-steroids-42521872
https://diplomsdayu.ru/
https://reshaitzadachi.ru/
generic stromectol – cost levofloxacin 500mg buy cefaclor without a prescription
https://reshauzadachi.ru/
The Basic Principles Of buy injectable steroids. https://socialwebconsult.com/story2314975/buy-injectable-steroids-can-be-fun-for-anyone
buy ventolin without a prescription – fluticasone tablet theophylline 400mg drug
https://t.me/s/SecureIyContactingClAbot
https://t.me/SecureIyContactingClAbot
robaxin mg
https://kursovajaskill.ru
protonix davis pdf
http://womangu.ru
fpparisshop.com
こんなに実用的な記事は珍しい。本当に役に立ちました！
Услуга по сносу старых домов и вывозу мусора в Москве и Московской области. Мы предоставляем услуги по сносу старых зданий и удалению мусора на территории Москвы и Подмосковья. Услуга демонтаж и вывоз мусора цена выполняется опытными специалистами в течение 24 часов после оформления заказа. Перед началом работ наш эксперт бесплатно приезжает на объект для оценки объёма работ и консультации. Чтобы получить дополнительную информацию и рассчитать стоимость услуг, свяжитесь с нами по телефону или оставьте заявку на сайте компании.
spironolactone 100 mg for acne
Услуга по сносу старых домов и вывозу мусора в Москве и Московской области. Мы предоставляем услуги по сносу старых зданий и удалению мусора на территории Москвы и Подмосковья. Услуга демонтаж после пожара выполняется опытными специалистами в течение 24 часов после оформления заказа. Перед началом работ наш эксперт бесплатно приезжает на объект для оценки объёма работ и консультации. Чтобы получить дополнительную информацию и рассчитать стоимость услуг, свяжитесь с нами по телефону или оставьте заявку на сайте компании.
Услуга по сносу старых домов и вывозу мусора в Москве и Московской области. Мы предоставляем услуги по сносу старых зданий и удалению мусора на территории Москвы и Подмосковья. Услуга снести дом выполняется опытными специалистами в течение 24 часов после оформления заказа. Перед началом работ наш эксперт бесплатно приезжает на объект для оценки объёма работ и консультации. Чтобы получить дополнительную информацию и рассчитать стоимость услуг, свяжитесь с нами по телефону или оставьте заявку на сайте компании.
Услуга по сносу старых домов и вывозу мусора в Москве и Московской области. Мы предоставляем услуги по сносу старых зданий и удалению мусора на территории Москвы и Подмосковья. Услуга http://demontazh-doma-msk5.ru выполняется опытными специалистами в течение 24 часов после оформления заказа. Перед началом работ наш эксперт бесплатно приезжает на объект для оценки объёма работ и консультации. Чтобы получить дополнительную информацию и рассчитать стоимость услуг, свяжитесь с нами по телефону или оставьте заявку на сайте компании.
synthroid bbt
Услуга по сносу старых домов и утилизации мусора в Москве и Московской области. Мы предлагаем услуги по сносу старых построек и удалению отходов на территории Москвы и Московской области. Услуга снос дачных домов предоставляется опытными специалистами в течение 24 часов после оформления заказа. Перед началом работ наш эксперт бесплатно посещает объект для определения объёма работ и предоставления консультаций. Чтобы получить дополнительную информацию и рассчитать стоимость услуг, свяжитесь с нами по телефону или оставьте заявку на веб-сайте компании.
sandyterrace.com
오늘 알았다면 애초 자랑을 하지 말았어야 했는데 이젠 괜찮아 뺨을 맞았다.
Услуга по сносу старых зданий и утилизации отходов в Москве и Московской области. Мы предоставляем услуги по сносу старых сооружений и удалению мусора на территории Москвы и Московской области. Услуга http://demontazh-doma-msk8.ru выполняется квалифицированными специалистами в течение 24 часов после оформления заказа. Перед началом работ наш эксперт бесплатно посещает объект для определения объёма работ и предоставления консультаций. Чтобы получить дополнительную информацию и рассчитать стоимость услуг, свяжитесь с нами по телефону или оставьте заявку на сайте компании.
Мне хотелось бы от всего сердца поблагодарить ремонт ноутбуков за их высококвалифицированную работу. Они быстро и качественно отремонтировали мой ноутбук, и теперь он работает как новенький. Персонал проявил высокий уровень профессионализма и клиентоориентированности, подробно разъяснив мне все нюансы проведенного ремонта. Я очень доволен результатом, и я непременно порекомендую их услуги всем, кому потребуется ремонт ноутбука
buy medrol 8 mg online – astelin cheap azelastine us
Услуга по сносу старых зданий и утилизации отходов в Москве и Московской области. Мы предоставляем услуги по сносу старых сооружений и удалению мусора на территории Москвы и Московской области. Услуга снос дома цена выполняется квалифицированными специалистами в течение 24 часов после оформления заказа. Перед началом работ наш эксперт бесплатно посещает объект для определения объёма работ и предоставления консультаций. Чтобы получить дополнительную информацию и рассчитать стоимость услуг, свяжитесь с нами по телефону или оставьте заявку на сайте компании.
Услуга по сносу старых зданий и утилизации отходов в Москве и Московской области. Мы предоставляем услуги по сносу старых сооружений и удалению мусора на территории Москвы и Московской области. Услуга демонтаж дома под ключ выполняется квалифицированными специалистами в течение 24 часов после оформления заказа. Перед началом работ наш эксперт бесплатно посещает объект для определения объёма работ и предоставления консультаций. Чтобы получить дополнительную информацию и рассчитать стоимость услуг, свяжитесь с нами по телефону или оставьте заявку на сайте компании.
https://kursovuyupishem.ru/
Wow, fantastic weblog structure! How long have you ever
been running a blog for? you make blogging look easy. The
full glance of your web site is wonderful, as neatly as the content
material! You can see similar here ecommerce
rx sitagliptin phosphate tablets
order clarinex pills – purchase flixotide sale albuterol inhalator buy online
Если вы ищете профессиональный сервис по восстановлению работоспособности холодильников известной марки в Москве, то вы обратились по адресу. Наш мастерская специализируется на обслуживании холодильного оборудования данной марки и имеет большой опыт в этой сфере. Мы гарантируем высокое качество работ, использование оригинальных деталей и конкурентные цены. Обратитесь с нами прямо сейчас, и мы решим проблему вашему агрегату Whirlpool восстановить работоспособность на все 100%! Для получения дополнительной информации посетите ремонт холодильников whirlpool.
Каталог салонов эпиляции https://findepil.ru/ Москвы и Московской области. Химки, Люберцы, Красногорск, Зеленоград и т.д. Все виды эпиляции – электроэпиляция, депиляция воском, шугаринг, лазерная эпиляция. Можно выбрать салон по цене, для примера выбраны стандартные процедуры эпиляции – руки воск, ноги шугаринг. Каталог постоянно пополняется.
where to buy stromectol online
synthroid.com/truebalance
The calculator on a smartphone is very constrained in functions. As an architect, I often require a scientific online calculator, such as this https://calculator-online.info/. It is effective for various tasks like financial calculations, percentage calculations, solving complex equations, finding square and cube roots, and more
Журнал для женщин http://womangu.ru/ – актуальные новости о звездах и шоу-бизнесе, модные тенденции, статьи об отношениях, красоте и здоровье, рецепты и каталог диет на женском портале.
https://praktikaotchet.ru/
https://praktikaucheba.ru/
https://referatnash.ru/
venlafaxine prices
fpparisshop.com
素晴らしい記事で、いつも新鮮な情報を提供してくれて感謝しています。
canadian pharmacy in canada
tizanidine 8mg
tamsulosin 4mg side effects
cheap micronase 2.5mg – dapagliflozin 10mg tablet where can i buy dapagliflozin
Качественное написание рефератов https://referatnovy.ru/, курсовых и дипломных работ от лучших авторов. Уникальные работы под ключ. Заказать студенческую работу за 2 дня.
Написание дипломных работ https://diplompishem.ru/, курсовых и рефератов от лучших авторов. Заказать студенческую работу с антиплагиатом и уникализацией.
buysteriodsonline.com
안경 뒤로 왕부시의 화난 얼굴을 숨기고 앞에 있는 사람을 바라보며 기침을 했다.
Заказать seo продвижение сайта https://seodelay.ru/ и услуги по продвижению сайта в поисковых системах. SEO продвижение сайтов в топ выдачи в поисковых системах Яндекс, Google. Проведем профессиональную раскрутку и поисковую оптимизацию вашего сайта по низкой стоимости.
SEO продвижение и раскрутка сайтов с гарантией https://seomayker.ru/. Услуги по продвижению сайта в поисковых системах. Видимость вашего сайта в поисковых системах повысится и вы привлечете больше качественных посетителей без необходимости платить за рекламу.
Поисковое SEO продвижение сайтов в Москве https://seosferaya.ru/, стоимость тарифов на быструю и недорогую раскрутку сайта в ТОП-10. Оптимизация сайтов в поисковых системах Яндекс и Google. Быстро раскручиваем сайты за счет опыта. Тарифы и цены, кейсы и результаты наших работ в Москве и других крупных городах РФ
voltaren pain
Комплексное продвижение сайтов в Москве https://seosferaya.ru/ под ключ. SEO раскрутка сайта в топ Яндекс и Google от профессионалов, первые результаты уже через месяц. Комплексное продвижение сайтов с гарантией.
PBN sites
We’ll generate a network of PBN sites!
Benefits of our privately-owned blog network:
WE DO everything SO THAT GOOGLE DOES NOT understand that this is A private blog network!!!
1- We buy domains from different registrars
2- The principal site is hosted on a VPS hosting (VPS is fast hosting)
3- Additional sites are on various hostings
4- We attribute a individual Google ID to each site with confirmation in Google Search Console.
5- We create websites on WP, we don’t utilise plugins with aided by which malware penetrate and through which pages on your websites are generated.
6- We don’t reiterate templates and employ only unique text and pictures
We refrain from work with website design; the client, if wished, can then edit the websites to suit his wishes
я уже смотрел обзор здесь https://my-obzor.com/ перед тем, как сделать заказ. Не сказать, что все отзывы были 100% положительные, там уже упоминались основные минусы и плюсы
http://www.mebelminsk.ru
https://petroyalportrait.com/
glycomet 1000mg tablet – metformin 500mg pill acarbose ca
https://petroyalportrait.com/
sex drive while taking wellbutrin
qiyezp.com
과장이 아니라, 많은 사람들이 평생 그렇게 많은 고기를 먹어본 적이 없습니다.
zofran teratogenic effects
what type of drug is zyprexa
я уже смотрел обзор здесь https://my-obzor.com/ перед тем, как сделать заказ. Не сказать, что все отзывы были 100% положительные, там уже упоминались основные минусы и плюсы.
prandin medication – buy jardiance generic jardiance 25mg generic
mebelminsk.ru
buying prescription drugs in mexico online: cheapest mexico drugs – pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa
https://seostrategia.ru/
game1kb.com
이런 관점에서 보면…뉴스는…실제로 사실입니다.
cougarsbkjersey.com
素晴らしい記事！非常に役立つ情報が満載でした。
indian pharmacy paypal https://indiaph24.store/# indian pharmacy paypal
mail order pharmacy india
how does zetia work
zofran side effects seizure
zyprexa side effects webmd
Оборудование ситуационных центров https://www.oborudovanie-situacionnyh-centrov.ru .
Закажите SEO продвижение сайта https://seo116.ru/ в Яндекс и Google под ключ в Москве и по всей России от экспертов. Увеличение трафика, рост клиентов, онлайн поддержка. Комплексное продвижение сайтов с гарантией!
buy cheap rybelsus – order glucovance pills where to buy DDAVP without a prescription
batmanapollo.ru
Оборудование ситуационных центров https://oborudovanie-situacionnyh-centrov.ru/ .
оборудование ситуационного центра oborudovanie-situacionnyh-centrov.ru .
buy lamisil 250mg generic – griseofulvin 250mg sale order generic grifulvin v
thewiin.com
“그 형 Fang은 어디 갔어? 나는 그에게 말을 타라고 부탁했다. 그를 빨리 초대하십시오.”
оборудование ситуационного центра https://oborudovanie-situacionnyh-centrov.ru/ .
Всё о радиаторах отопления https://heat-komfort.ru/ – выбор радиатора, монтаж, обслуживание.
Всё о радиаторах отопления https://heat-komfort.ru/ – выбор радиатора, монтаж, обслуживание.
donmhomes.com
実践的な知識が満載で、非常に価値のある記事でした。
qiyezp.com
밀루는 “지판아, 나 나중에 할 얘기 있어.
печь атмосфера купить в москве http://www.pechka-atmosfera.ru .
buy ketoconazole 200 mg sale – brand butenafine order itraconazole 100mg without prescription
chronometer watches
Understanding COSC Accreditation and Its Importance in Horology
COSC Certification and its Demanding Criteria
COSC, or the Official Swiss Chronometer Testing Agency, is the official Swiss testing agency that certifies the accuracy and precision of wristwatches. COSC validation is a mark of excellent craftsmanship and trustworthiness in chronometry. Not all timepiece brands pursue COSC validation, such as Hublot, which instead adheres to its own stringent standards with movements like the UNICO, reaching equivalent precision.
The Art of Precision Chronometry
The central system of a mechanical timepiece involves the mainspring, which delivers energy as it unwinds. This mechanism, however, can be prone to external factors that may affect its accuracy. COSC-accredited movements undergo strict testing—over 15 days in various circumstances (five positions, 3 temperatures)—to ensure their resilience and dependability. The tests measure:
Average daily rate accuracy between -4 and +6 secs.
Mean variation, maximum variation levels, and impacts of temperature variations.
Why COSC Validation Matters
For timepiece fans and connoisseurs, a COSC-certified watch isn’t just a item of tech but a demonstration to enduring quality and accuracy. It represents a watch that:
Presents outstanding dependability and accuracy.
Provides confidence of quality across the whole design of the watch.
Is likely to retain its worth better, making it a wise investment.
Well-known Chronometer Manufacturers
Several renowned brands prioritize COSC validation for their timepieces, including Rolex, Omega, Breitling, and Longines, among others. Longines, for instance, presents collections like the Record and Spirit, which highlight COSC-certified movements equipped with cutting-edge materials like silicone balance springs to enhance durability and efficiency.
Historic Context and the Evolution of Chronometers
The concept of the chronometer originates back to the need for exact chronometry for navigation at sea, emphasized by John Harrison’s work in the eighteenth century. Since the formal establishment of COSC in 1973, the certification has become a standard for assessing the accuracy of luxury watches, maintaining a tradition of superiority in watchmaking.
Conclusion
Owning a COSC-validated timepiece is more than an aesthetic choice; it’s a dedication to excellence and accuracy. For those appreciating accuracy above all, the COSC validation offers peacefulness of thoughts, guaranteeing that each certified watch will function reliably under various circumstances. Whether for personal satisfaction or as an investment decision, COSC-certified watches distinguish themselves in the world of horology, maintaining on a legacy of meticulous timekeeping.
veganchoicecbd.com
너무 불안해, 이 새로운 도시에 무슨 일이?
Если вы ищете профессиональный сервис для ремонта техники Lenovo, посетите lenovoserviset.ru. Опытные мастера готовы решить любые проблемы, связанные с портативными компьютерами, планшетными ПК и другими устройствами этого популярного бренда. Вы можете рассчитывать на высокое качество наших услуг и разумные цены.
reputable mexican pharmacies online best online pharmacies in mexico purple pharmacy mexico price list
силиконовые куклы секс
http://canadaph24.pro/# canadianpharmacyworld com
buy medicines online in india https://indiaph24.store/# pharmacy website india
reputable indian online pharmacy
famvir tablet – famciclovir 500mg pill valcivir 1000mg for sale
силиконовую секс куклу купить
mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa mexico pharmacy mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
анонимная помощь психолога
w-495.ru
cheap propecia without prescription cost of propecia without dr prescription buy propecia for sale
http://cytotec.club/# Misoprostol 200 mg buy online
buy cytotec over the counter: Misoprostol 200 mg buy online – Abortion pills online
sex dolls
силиконовые куклы из китая
get generic propecia online order cheap propecia pill buy propecia prices
En Son Zamanın En Popüler Kumarhane Sitesi: Casibom
Bahis oyunlarını sevenlerin artık duymuş olduğu Casibom, son dönemde adından genellikle söz ettiren bir bahis ve casino platformu haline geldi. Türkiye’nin en başarılı bahis platformlardan biri olarak tanınan Casibom’un haftalık göre değişen erişim adresi, alanında oldukça yeni olmasına rağmen itimat edilir ve kazandıran bir platform olarak tanınıyor.
Casibom, muadillerini geride bırakarak köklü kumarhane platformların geride bırakmayı başarılı oluyor. Bu alanda köklü olmak önemli olsa da, oyuncularla etkileşimde olmak ve onlara erişmek da benzer derecede önemlidir. Bu noktada, Casibom’un gece gündüz servis veren gerçek zamanlı destek ekibi ile rahatça iletişime geçilebilir olması büyük önem taşıyan bir artı sağlıyor.
Süratle artan katılımcı kitlesi ile dikkat çeken Casibom’un arkasındaki başarım faktörleri arasında, sadece ve yalnızca kumarhane ve canlı olarak casino oyunlarına sınırlı olmayan geniş bir hizmetler yelpazesi bulunuyor. Atletizm bahislerinde sunduğu geniş seçenekler ve yüksek oranlar, oyuncuları cezbetmeyi başarıyor.
Ayrıca, hem spor bahisleri hem de bahis oyunları katılımcılara yönlendirilen sunulan yüksek yüzdeli avantajlı bonuslar da dikkat çekiyor. Bu nedenle, Casibom çabucak sektörde iyi bir reklam başarısı elde ediyor ve büyük bir katılımcı kitlesi kazanıyor.
Casibom’un kazandıran promosyonları ve popülerliği ile birlikte, platforma üyelik nasıl sağlanır sorusuna da değinmek gereklidir. Casibom’a taşınabilir cihazlarınızdan, bilgisayarlarınızdan veya tabletlerinizden web tarayıcı üzerinden rahatça ulaşılabilir. Ayrıca, platformun mobil cihazlarla uyumlu olması da büyük önem taşıyan bir avantaj getiriyor, çünkü şimdi hemen hemen herkesin bir akıllı telefonu var ve bu cihazlar üzerinden kolayca erişim sağlanabiliyor.
Taşınabilir tabletlerinizle bile yolda gerçek zamanlı bahisler alabilir ve müsabakaları canlı olarak izleyebilirsiniz. Ayrıca, Casibom’un mobil uyumlu olması, memleketimizde kumarhane ve casino gibi yerlerin kanuni olarak kapatılmasıyla birlikte bu tür platformlara erişimin önemli bir yolunu oluşturuyor.
Casibom’un emin bir bahis web sitesi olması da önemlidir bir fayda sağlıyor. Lisanslı bir platform olan Casibom, sürekli bir şekilde eğlence ve kazanç elde etme imkanı getirir.
Casibom’a üye olmak da oldukça basittir. Herhangi bir belge koşulu olmadan ve ücret ödemeden web sitesine kolaylıkla kullanıcı olabilirsiniz. Ayrıca, site üzerinde para yatırma ve çekme işlemleri için de birçok farklı yöntem mevcuttur ve herhangi bir kesim ücreti talep edilmemektedir.
Ancak, Casibom’un güncel giriş adresini izlemek de elzemdir. Çünkü canlı şans ve kumarhane platformlar popüler olduğu için hileli siteler ve dolandırıcılar da ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu nedenle, Casibom’un sosyal medya hesaplarını ve güncel giriş adresini düzenli aralıklarla kontrol etmek önemlidir.
Sonuç, Casibom hem emin hem de kazandıran bir kumarhane sitesi olarak dikkat çekiyor. Yüksek ödülleri, geniş oyun alternatifleri ve kullanıcı dostu taşınabilir uygulaması ile Casibom, casino sevenler için ideal bir platform getiriyor.
http://finasteride.store/# cost generic propecia online
Какие радиаторы выбрать для отопления https://propest.ru/kak-vybrat-radiator-dlya-doma.html частного загородного дома – каменного или деревянного: разновидности и классы, правила выбора, цены, сравнения.
Недавно мне понадобилось отремонтировать мой ноутбук Lenovo, и я обратился сервисного центра lenovoruremont.ru. Хочу поделиться своим положительным опытом. Специалисты оперативно провели диагностику и устранили поломку в кратчайшие сроки. Обслуживание очень качественное, стоимость ремонта приемлемая, а персонал вежливый и компетентный. Однозначно рекомендую этот сервисный центр всем владельцам техники Lenovo!
prinivil 40 mg: can i buy lisinopril over the counter – lisinopril pill 10mg
На сайте коллегии юристов http://zpp-1.ru/ вы найдете контакты и сможете связаться с адвокатами. Юрист расскажет о том, как нужно правильно поступить, поможет собрать необходимые документы и будет защищать ваши права в суде. Квалифицированная юридическая и медицинская поддержка призывникам с гарантией!
tamoxifen bone density tamoxifen bone pain common side effects of tamoxifen
http://lisinopril.network/# lisinopril 5 mg canada
usareallservice.com
情報が豊富で、とても理解しやすかったです。役立ちました！
buy cytotec over the counter: cytotec buy online usa – buy cytotec online fast delivery
lisinopril tablet 40 mg how much is lisinopril lisinopril 10mg prices compare
https://ciprofloxacin.tech/# ciprofloxacin 500 mg tablet price
buy lanoxin tablets – order lanoxin 250 mg generic furosemide tablet
http://nolvadex.life/# does tamoxifen cause weight loss
propecia order cheap propecia for sale get cheap propecia without a prescription
roll up стенды https://rollap.ru .
로드스탁과 레버리지 방식의 스탁: 투자법의 신규 지평
로드스탁에서 공급하는 레버리지 방식의 스탁은 증권 투자법의 한 방식으로, 높은 이익율을 목표로 하는 투자자들에게 매혹적인 선택입니다. 레버리지 사용을 사용하는 이 전략은 투자자들이 자신의 자금을 넘어서는 금액을 투입할 수 있도록 함으로써, 증권 장에서 더욱 큰 작용을 가질 수 있는 방법을 줍니다.
레버리지 스탁의 원리
레버리지 스탁은 기본적으로 투자금을 빌려 운용하는 방법입니다. 예를 들어, 100만 원의 자금으로 1,000만 원 상당의 증권을 구매할 수 있는데, 이는 투자자가 기본 자본보다 훨씬 더 많은 증권을 취득하여, 증권 가격이 증가할 경우 해당하는 더욱 큰 수익을 얻을 수 있게 해줍니다. 그러나, 주식 가격이 하락할 경우에는 그 손해 또한 크게 될 수 있으므로, 레버리지 사용을 이용할 때는 신중해야 합니다.
투자 계획과 레버리지 사용
레버리지 사용은 특히 성장 잠재력이 높은 기업에 투입할 때 유용합니다. 이러한 회사에 큰 비율로 투입하면, 성공적일 경우 큰 수입을 획득할 수 있지만, 반대 경우의 경우 큰 위험도 감수해야. 그러므로, 투자자는 자신의 위험성 관리 능력과 상장 분석을 통해 통해, 일정한 기업에 얼마만큼의 자본을 투입할지 결정해야 합니다.
레버리지 사용의 이점과 위험성
레버리지 스탁은 높은 이익을 제공하지만, 그만큼 큰 위험도 따릅니다. 주식 거래의 변동성은 예상이 곤란하기 때문에, 레버리지 사용을 사용할 때는 언제나 시장 경향을 정밀하게 살펴보고, 손실을 최소로 줄일 수 있는 방법을 구성해야 합니다.
최종적으로: 세심한 결정이 요구됩니다
로드스탁을 통해 공급하는 레버리지 방식의 스탁은 효과적인 투자 수단이며, 적절히 활용하면 많은 수익을 제공할 수 있습니다. 하지만 높은 위험성도 생각해 봐야 하며, 투자 결정은 충분히 많은 정보와 신중한 고려 후에 실시되어야 합니다. 투자자 자신의 금융 상황, 리스크 감수 능력, 그리고 시장의 상황을 반영한 안정된 투자 계획이 중요합니다.
фулфилмент цены москва https://24fulfilment-marketplace.ru/
prinivil 5 mg tablets: buy lisinopril 20 mg online usa – price of lisinopril 30 mg